We do a bunch of estate planning here at the Jacobson Law Firm, and when I tell people what I do, most think wills, powers of attorney (POAs), living wills, trusts, etc., in case (in case?) they die or are incapacitated.  All that is true; however, there's one document a lot of parents and grandparents don't think about until it's too late: a POA In Loco Parentis.  It does seem like you're giving somebody the power to act like a crazy parent, but although as a practical matter you might do that, it actually means "in the place of a parent".

Hypothetically, your kids ask your wife if she will come watch your grandchild, Apple-Of-Her-Eye, for a week while they go on a cruise.  Said grandmother - we'll call her GiGi - agrees, and heads off to Salt Cellar, Texas to entertain the little guy.  You, being - I dunno, maybe an estate planning lawyer - stay home and work.  Right before the newly liberated mom and hubby head off for their adventure, you get a text message from GiGi asking what happens if AOHE gets sick and she has to take him to the doctor.  It is at this point that the "cobbler's children have no shoes" meme starts playing in your head and you ask yourself, "Why the heck didn't I think about doing a POA In Loco Parentis before now?!"

The POA-ILP (don't use that in front of a lawyer, I just made it up) authorizes the named person to do any act that a parent could legally do on behalf of the parent's minor child.  It can cover everything from medical care to registering for school to giving consent for field trips, etc., and it gives both the parents and the POA-ILP holder a great sense of relief and security that while the parents are unavailable, somebody's able to watch out for the minor's best interests.  There's no need to say why the parents are out of pocket. It can be for as long or as short a period as necessary or convenient (well, when the minor turns 18 it terminates).  Caveat: it must be signed in front of a notary and should ideally have both parents' signatures on it.

By the way, everything in our hypothetical turns out okay, but remember - not doing a POA-ILP CAN result in somebody acting "like a crazy parent".  Bad thing.  Don't do it.

As always, the above is legal information, not legal advice, and it's based on Texas law because I'm a Texas lawyer.  If you find yourself needing to have somebody take care of your tyke or tykes, please contact an experienced estate planning lawyer and discuss your needs.  But don't ask him/her if he/she has ever forgotten to do one for his/her own kids...

"Here's a stupid question..." - I hear this too often from my business clients.  At the Jacobson Law Firm, we've helped form hundreds of business entities and we serve as Registered Agent for many of them.  This means that I get to break the bad news when one of those businesses gets sued, but it also means I get to spend time getting to know about my clients' businesses - what's important to them and their employees, what they want out of being a business owner, how they care for their families, what sort of succession plans they've made.  I love this part of the practice, because it tracks with our motto: "Helping People For Life".

One thing I never get tired of saying is that there are lots of ignorant questions when it comes to running a business and doing your estate planning, but there are no "stupid questions".  A lot of this stuff is non-intuitive, meaning there's no reason the client should know the answer, so why not ask?  I will also tell you that I would ALWAYS rather have a client call and say, "I'm considering doing x for my family/business - what do you think?", than have one call and say, "I just did y - that's okay, right?...".

Having a law practice is about building relationships. If your lawyer makes you feel stupid for asking a question, get another lawyer.  A good lawyer wants nothing more than to have clients understand what's happening with their matter, be able to participate in decision-making, feel as though their concerns have been heard - and tell their family and friends, "I have a great lawyer - give him/her a call."

As always, the above is legal information, not legal advice, and it's based on Texas law because I'm a Texas lawyer.  If you have questions about your business, contact an experienced business lawyer and ASK.  And if you're a small business owner, it's doubly important that you have a lawyer who will integrate your business succession plan with your estate planning.

Over the 32 years of the Jacobson Law Firm's existence, we have prepared thousands of advance directives, a term that includes financial powers of attorney (FPOAs), medical powers of attorney, directives to physicians and other documents which are often designed to activate when the client isn't able to speak for himself/herself.  A client chooses whether the (FPOA) will be effective immediately or only "upon my disability or incapacity". If the client chooses the latter, in order for the designated agent to be able to act under the FPOA, a physician will have to say that person is disabled or incapacitated to such an extent that the person can't manage his/her own financial affairs.   Sounds pretty straightforward, right? Well, normally...

Recently, the children of a long-time client contacted us to say he had just had a massive stroke, could not move most of his right side and could not speak, and they needed to implement his FPOA so they could take care of his bills, etc.  We prepared a statement for the treating physician at the hospital to sign, stating that he was incapacitated and couldn't manage his financial affairs.  The physician refused to sign the statement.  The kids then asked the physician at the rehab center to which their dad had been transferred, who likewise refused to certify that this person who cannot move or speak was "incapacitated".  What to do?

Well, we figured that if his doctors say he's not incapacitated, he can execute a new FPOA that gives his kids the immediate authority to act on his behalf. The challenge was how to get him to sign the new FPOA.  In Texas, any adult can execute a document by "making his mark" on it. In frontier days, when a lot of people couldn't read or write, "making one's mark" was a way for an illiterate adult to sign legal documents.  We asked his children whether he could hold a pen, and they affirmed that he was nominally able to hold a pen.  So, we prepared a new FPOA, the kids explained to him what he was doing, and had him make his mark on it, with two witnesses and a notary signing as well.  It's a very small, indecipherable mark, but so far, nobody has refused to accept this FPOA.  There is, as they say, more than one way to skin a cat.

As always, the above is legal information, not legal advice, and it's based on Texas law because I'm a Texas lawyer.  If you need more information on advance directives, please contact an experienced Estate Planning attorney to discuss your particular circumstances.

We do a lot of probate here at the Jacobson Law Firm, as well as consulting with people to help them understand various legal situations in the areas in which we practice.  I met with a person recently who was adamant that his father had MUCH more money than his sibling (the executor of the estate) listed in the estate inventory and he was certain that he was being cheated out of his "fair share" under the will.  After listening to a litany of complaints about his siblings and a list of all the assets (gold, investments, bank accounts, real estate, etc.) Dad had when he passed, I started asking about what estate planning documents his dad had executed before his death. 

Turns out Dad had given a financial power of attorney, also called a Statutory Durable Power of Attorney, to the executor sibling that allowed the sibling to change Dad's beneficiaries and add people as owners of his accounts before his death.  He had also executed a transfer on death deed (TODD) to another sibling that gave her his house when he died.  Why is this important?  When you have named beneficiaries on your financial accounts, those accounts generally don't pass through your estate, they go directly to the person you named, and much more quickly than if they had to pass through the probate process.  And a TODD is a very handy document for removing real estate from your probate estate as well.

Unfortunately for this person (not a client), his dad had done just what we recommend to a number of our clients that they do: he used several legal methods to remove property from his probate estate, avoiding the probate process for those assets.  Maybe Dad could have communicated that to his kids, but he wasn't under any obligation to do so.  The end result was that the term, "My entire estate" in Dad's will referred to a lot less money than this person had expected.   In the immortal words of Inigo Montoya, "This word - I do not think it means what you think it means..."

Morals of the story?
1. Be nice to your siblings, don't borrow money from your parents and don't "bank" on getting anything!
2.  There are a lot more tools in the estate planning toolbox than you may think.

As always, the above is legal information, not legal advice, and it's based on Texas law because I'm a Texas lawyer.  If you have questions or concerns about how to plan for your family after you pass, please contact an experienced estate planning attorney.

"Why pay a lawyer?  I know what I want, I'll just write it out myself."

Well, yeah - if you're looking to save money, it costs nothing to hand-write your will.  Here in Texas, and in a number of other states, this kind of will, called a "holographic" will, can be a perfectly valid way  of expressing your directions as to who gets your stuff when you die.  But wait, there's more...

With a professionally prepared and properly executed will, your executor will generally spend longer sitting in court waiting to talk with the judge than he/she will actually talking with the judge.  It's quick, efficient, and lets the executor get to the task of paying debts and distributing assets without a full-blown hearing.

In Texas, there's no need for witnesses to sign a holographic will; however, when it comes time to probate a holographic will, your executor will generally have to find two people who are not related to you and are familiar with your handwriting to testify that you wrote the will.  If you don't use the correct words ("independently, to serve without bond", etc.), the court will have to oversee the administration of your estate unless all your beneficiaries agree to an independent administration.  This takes more time, incurring more expense to your estate and less money to your beneficiaries.  If you don't have what's called a "residuary clause", your estate may not go to the people you thought it would.  And on and on.

Yes, this is how I feed my family and pay all of my employees, but even if it weren't, my strong advice would be, "Don't write your own will."  Make an appointment with an experienced estate planning attorney and talk about your options. Your family will thank you for it.

As always, the above is legal information, not legal advice, and it's based on Texas law because I'm a Texas lawyer.

My maternal grandmother was a pretty doggone good cook.  She loved her own cooking (biscuits were here specialty - made them every day), as shown by the fact that she was about 4'10" tall and about as wide.  Her name was James Scott Shropshire Miller. Yup.  She went by Scott, but we called her Grandmother.    Great-Grandpa apparently wanted boys.  I'm not quite sure how the story goes, but as I recall it, one of her daughters (my mom, Barbara "Junior" Miller or her sister Pat), while visiting her mom in Brady, Texas, was looking through Grandmother's recipes for a favorite and noticed that there were no temperatures written down, just the instruction, "Cook till done".  When asked, Grandmother said something like, "There's no way to change the temperature on the 'new' oven" (it was ancient by then), so she just stuck stuff in and when it looked done, she took it out.  Apparently she was some sort of doneness savant, because she rarely burned anything. When her daughter looked at the oven, there was a temperature adjustment that worked just fine. Grandmother had just never bothered to learn to change the temperature.

How (I hear you wonder to yourself) does that relate to the practice of law?  I'm glad you asked! It's a little like the adage, "When all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail".  In the world of estate planning, there are many ways to deal with both who gets your stuff when you die and whom you choose to be your agent in the event you're not able to handle your own affairs, either temporarily or permanently.  There are the statutory forms, which are pretty flexible and which we use a lot, but there are also situations that call for more complex documents, and the attorney you choose should be able to "adjust the temperature" to your particular recipe.  Likewise, your will can be a "mom and pop" affair (all to the spouse and then to the kids), or it can deal with stepkids, single people, beneficiaries who will need trustees or guardians, favored pets, your church, synagogue or favorite charity, etc. 

If you're not sure about how to deal with these matters, you're not alone.  Find an experienced estate planning attorney in your area and make an appointment to talk about your recipe. As always, the above is based on Texas law because I'm a Texas lawyer, and it's legal information, not legal advice.

Okay, I've played versions of this tune before.  And yes, estate planning is a lot of how I feed my family.  But I received an email from a Christian financial guru (who shall remain nameless) hawking yet another online do-it-yourself estate planning service and I just can't keep still.  The pitch was, "Just answer a few questions and you'll have all your documents prepared just for you!" or some such.  What these services don't tell you is that they can't answer legal questions for you or suggest a particular form or content that might fit your situation better.  They can't ask clarifying questions in order to custom-tailor your documents to your needs.  That's the unauthorized practice of law, which is illegal.

My response to the pitch, at the risk of sounding harsh: if you think you and your family are nothing special, that you have no unique concerns or questions, go ahead, pay a hundred bucks or so and do it.  But how do you know what you don't know?

Estate planning attorneys know what questions to ask to elicit the information they need in order to fully analyze your situation and make recommendations on how you should protect your family and your stuff.  Beyond that, an attorney can explain the documents, their effect, their limitations and how to implement the powers they provide. We tell all our estate planning clients that what we want most of all is for them to understand the documents we create for them and know how to use them when it's time.

Remember: there are four documents that, when you need them, it's too late to get them: a will, a financial power of attorney, a medical power of attorney and a directive to physicians, and you want them to address YOUR situation, not everybody else's. If you're serious about protecting your family, give strong consideration to sitting down with an experienced estate planning attorney to discuss these documents and others - tailored to your particular situation - that will meet your needs. 

As always, the above is legal information, not legal advice, and it's based on Texas law because I'm a Texas lawyer.

We do a lot of probate - settling people's estates after they die - here at the Jacobson Law Firm.  Although each case is different, most of them follow a very similar pattern in how we gather the information needed, how we arrange for witnesses if necessary, set the case for hearing, etc. , so that there are no surprises when we're standing in front of the judge.  Some of the questions that we ask clients and witnesses can seem a bit intrusive, but that's the information the court needs in order to make sure everything is in order.  If we don't get all the information, it can create a problem.

So you can imagine my surprise when my client, who was named as the executor in the will, responded to the judge's question, "You've never been convicted of a felony, have you?" with,  "Yes, ma'am..." Awkwarddd...In fact, as we sat in the courtroom waiting to be called to the bench, every time the  judge got to that question with other cases, I had the nagging thought, "I asked him that, right?  Did I ask him that?  I must have...besides, what are the odds?"  Nope.

The takeaway for me was, "Put that on EVERY probate questionnaire!" - this situation occurs so infrequently that it's easy to gloss over in client interviews, and frankly, it would have been less awkward for him to tell ME he had a felony conviction than to have to admit it in open court.  You see, felonies and crimes involving what's called "moral turpitude" (fraud, embezzlement, theft, etc.) disqualify that person from serving as an executor, pretty much no matter how long ago the crime occurred.    My client's conviction was nearly twenty years earlier when he was, in his own words, "a different person".  None of that matters to the court.  We'll get the issue resolved and move forward, but it's better to avoid this type of problem than have to recover from it.

The takeaway for you is this: when you are choosing your fiduciaries (executors, trustees, guardians for minor children, etc.), ASK THE QUESTION.  Even if you know the person well.

A second takeaway: please, please, PLEASE don't use a "one size fits all" will from an online service.  This particular will was downloaded from the internet (don't GET me started) and prepared in a hurry without the aid of an attorney because of the decedent's medical condition, and granted, it's not general knowledge that convicted felons can't serve as executors.  But if they had gone to an estate planning attorney, this hiccup could have been avoided.

As always, the above is legal information, not legal advice, and it's based on Texas law because I'm a Texas lawyer.  Each situation is unique, so please consult an experienced estate planning and probate attorney if you have questions about yours.

I hear this from callers every couple of months.  Usually it stems from a house that's been in the family for a couple of generations where, for example, Granddad died and nobody ever did a probate (because Granddad didn't have a will), now Grandma has died and "everybody knows my mom gets the house", etc.  The most recent conversation I had about "quick-claim deeds" was with a former client whose grandfather had died, whose uncle lived with Grandma (who died a few years ago) in the house and whose mom was "supposed to get the house".  Could I do the deed (so to speak) from uncle to mom?  The rest of the story (there's always more) is that there are 4 other siblings and 5 kids from two siblings who died before Grandma died, and each of those people has a fractional interest in the house because - you guessed it - Grandma didn't have a will either.

First, it's "quitclaim deed", and second, Texas doesn't like quitclaim deeds because they only give the interest that the grantor has - meaning that I could deed you "all my right, title and interest in the Eiffel Tower" and you would get nothing.  It's really hard to rely on a quitclaim deed to protect your interest in real property.  On the above facts, a quitclaim deed would only give the uncle's interest in the house to Mom, and the 9 other people who inherited a fractional interest could each come in and demand their interest.  Unfortunately, I had to tell the client that, given the value of the house (not much), it wouldn't be economically smart to try to clear up the title.

Moral: make sure you and your family members, especially in families with relational challenges, make written estate plans (wills, living trusts, transfer on death deeds, etc.).  As always, the above is legal information, not legal advice, and it's based on Texas law because I'm a Texas lawyer. If you have questions about how your particular set of circumstances would play out, contact an experienced estate planning and probate attorney.

  I exercise 5-6 days a week, alternating cardio and strength.  I eat a healthy diet.  5 days ago, Easter morning, I had a heart attack (specifically a NSTEMI - non-S-T elevated myocardial infarction).  I'm recovering and even back at work, praise God and thanks to some terrific medical professionals. Here are a few things I've taken away from the experience.

1. Don't ignore the feeling that "something's not quite right".  I woke up with a funny feeling in my chest.  Tried to walk it off, but within about 5 minutes I knew this was not indigestion.  Had I waited, the damage likely would have been much worse.  As it was, I had 10 (count 'em, ten) stents placed in one of my arteries due to a complete blockage.  But my wife got to run 2 red lights driving me to the hospital, so that was cool...

2.  Don't drive to the hospital, call EMS.  That's from my brother-in-law, the doctor.  Got it, James!

3.  Know where your important documents are - like medical powers of attorney (MPOAs) - so your agent can put his/her hands on them without delay.

4.  GET YOUR ESTATE PLANNING DONE.  All I could think of while lying on the table in the ER  was, "I have to update my will...".  Yes, the cobbler's children often have no shoes.  It would have been okay regardless, but there are some things I want to revise.

5.  If you've been diagnosed with elevated cholesterol, stay on your meds - this is probably what put off this heart attack as long as it did, that and exercise and eating well.  I was diagnosed with high cholesterol at age 30 and have been on meds (off and on, mainly on) since then (I'm 61 years old). I spoke with 2 thirty-somethings in the 4 days after the heart attack, each of whom had recently been diagnosed with high cholesterol.  I told them what my cardiologist told me: "This heart attack didn't start yesterday, it started 30 years ago."

6.   Tell your people you love them.  Early and often.  Don't ever take family and friends for granted.  I can't express how overwhelmed we are by the prayer chains, offers of help, meals, encouragement, and check-ins from folks we haven't seen in years but who contacted us for updates and to tell us they were praying for us.  Thank you, thank you, thank you.

7.   Love the Lord your God with all your heart, soul, mind and strength, and your neighbor as yourself.  We were on the receiving end of the second greatest commandment because people obeyed the first and greatest commandment.

I'm doing well and getting used to the new medications that will be a part of my routine for the rest of this earthly life, and I'm looking forward to what's next.  And a long bike ride soon. Thanks.